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In a reversal of the rivalry in the United States and elsewhere in the world, Yahoo Japan dominates Japan’s Web search market with 56.5 percent of all queries, according to the Internet research company GA-Pro. Google, at 33.7 percent, is a distant second.
Particularly in China, South Korea, and Japan, the majority of top sites are local sites or localized versions of global sites, according to the data research company comScore. But globally, Google still has a 66.9 percent market share, followed by Yahoo with 7.4 percent and Baidu of China with 7 percent.
Unaccustomed to being second, Google is bending some of its most timehonored traditions in anewpush into the Japanese market. This year, Google’s splash page for Japan abandoned the company’s classic spare design and added links to YouTube, Gmail and other services — an attempt to lure Japanese users who favor sites decorated with a cacophony of text and graphics.
And in a first for Google, it initiated branding ads for Japan and staged attention- grabbing publicity stunts, including one in which it invited passersby to float into the air with the help of 2,500 balloons.
Its dogged interest in Japan has partly to do with sheer size. Japan is one of the world’s most wired countries, with more than 90 million regular Internet users—of which three-quarters use fast broadband connections and twothirds also log in from cellphones.
And despite a sluggish economy, Japan’s ¥6.6 trillion advertising market, or about $77 billion, remains the world’s second-largest, one that an increasingly global advertising force like Google cannot afford to ignore.
‘‘Japan is absolutely a key market for Google,’’ said Koichiro Tsujino, president of Google Japan. Every day, for example, Japanese view 10 million clips on YouTube, Google’s video-sharing site— and that is just from their cellphones, making them the world’s most avid adopters of video on-the-go. ‘‘Japan leads the world in many ways,’’ he added.
That Japanese propensity to try new things is the other reason Google is intent on staying put. Over the years, it has become a testing lab for many of theWeb giant’s new ideas, especially in mobile technology. Google’s Tokyo-based programmers, immersed in Japan’s mobile andWeb culture, have become a valuable source of ideas for the entire company.
Overseas markets nowaccount for half of Google’s revenue and the company is becoming more keenly aware of the need to tailor its services to local markets, as well as the advantages of absorbing ideas from outside the United States, company executives say. ‘‘Japan made us realize that non-U.S. ideas can go global,’’ David Eun, a vice president for Google, said on a trip to Japan, where he closed deals with two broadcasters to allow YouTube to run some of their content.
Google Japan’s offices occupy several floors in a skyscraper in Shibuya, a Tokyo neighborhood popular with startups that is also a hangout for the city’s hippest teenagers. Minutes away from where Google developers work, young Japanese perch on sidewalks, playing with their Web-enabled cellphones, thumbs flying and eyes glued to the tiny screens.
But most of those trendsetters do not regard Google as being very Japanese — a big headache for the company. It has not been able to overcome Yahoo’s advantage as the first search engine.
And though 35 percent of Yahoo Japan is owned by Yahoo in California, it is viewed as a local company.
‘‘Yahoo Japan is a Japanese company, and most of their employees are Japanese people who fluently understand how the Japanese mind-set and business work,’’ said Nobuyuki Hayashi, a technology analyst. ‘‘But Google’s still a foreigner who’s learned how to speak some Japanese.’’ Popularizing Google in Japan has been fraught with 21st-century versions of the cultural mishaps that have long plagued American companies here. In May, Google was forced to reshoot its entire Street View image stock in Japan — with a camera positioned to capture views 15 inches, or 38 centimeters, lower — after intense criticism that the service had peeked over fences and into people’s homes, invading privacy.
Google Earth came under fire after posting historical maps that detailed locations of former communities of an ‘‘untouchable’’ caste, still a sensitive topic. Human rights advocates were furious that the maps could be used to identify families that had lived in the low-caste neighborhoods.
But Google keeps trying. After studying feedback from Japanese users, developers designed Google’s maps service here so that a query led users to the town’s train station or bus terminal, not the center of town as it would in the United States, reflecting the way the Japanese, heavily reliant on public transportation, think of their personal geography.
Programmers in Tokyo have proposed and developed a line of services and functions, including ‘‘emoticons’’ for Gmail — a particular Japanese obsession— and a function allowing users to add photos to GoogleMaps. It created Spellmeleon, to correct misspelled queries. It took developers in Tokyo to realize that nonnative English speakers, who might not be very good spellers of English words, could use a little help with queries.
‘‘Part of our job is to think specifically about the Japanese market,’’ said Kentaro Tokusei, group product manager at Google Japan. ‘‘We find whatever we build works globally, too.’’ Some services in Japan offer a glimpse into the future. The Japanese version of Google’s photo-sharing service, Picasa, offers quick response, or QR, bar codes that contain Web address information. Scanning a QR bar code with a Japanese cellphone takes the user to a Web site to view an online photo album.
Japan has been an especially important market for YouTube, with viewers here making up the site’s biggest audience outside the United States. The site’s big presence in Japan has put developers here at the forefront of crucial projects — a new feature, for example, that will bring text captions to many videos on the site, linked with automatic translation into 51 languages.
The captions will go a long way toward helping videos go viral across language divides, said Hiroto Tokusei, You- Tube product manager in Japan and Kentaro Tokusei’s younger brother.
(The Tokusei brothers, graduates of Stanford University in California with experience in Silicon Valley, were brought to Google Japan with an eye to localizing Google’s products while keeping it at the cutting edge of innovation.) Next month, YouTube will also start a mobile version of its Click to Buy feature, which identifies songs used in video clips and then lets users download them to their cellphones for use as ring tones.
‘‘To have an audience so obsessed with video and TV, and with access to broadband, means Japan is the perfect place to experiment,’’ Mr. Tokusei said.
